中国朝鲜族更亲近韩国还是中国？

Do Chinese Koreans (Chaoxianzu/Joseonjok) feel closer to Korea or China?

中国朝鲜族更亲近韩国还是中国？

【美版知乎quora问答】

Kang-Lin Cheng, I’m just some guy
Last time I was in China, my dad introduced me to several Korean-Chinese friends he had. Their views were generally this: culturally speaking, they identify as Koreans. However, from a nationality point of view, they see themselves as Chinese. They are proud of their Korean heritage (especially food, lol), but they have no interest in North or South Korea (as in the country). In fact, some of them even badmouth South Korea for not treating Korean Chinese immigrants well.

上次在中国时，我爸把我介绍给一些他认识的中国朝鲜族朋友，他们的观点通常是这样的：文化上讲，他们认为自己是朝鲜人；但从国籍来看，他们认为自己是中国人。他们为自己的朝鲜血统感到骄傲（特别是美食哈哈），他们对韩朝两国没兴趣（和他们国内一样）。一些人甚至因为韩国没善待中国朝鲜族移民而苛责韩国。

Hyunwoo Kim, politics and ethics DPhil(PhD) at Oxford University
I’m Chinese Korean and Choi Wonseok’s answer is really a curiosity for me. In terms of the nationality, yes, most of the Chinese Koreans, including myself, recognise the fact that we hold the PRC passport, and therefore we’re Chinese the same way Korean Americans are, in terms of the nationality, Americans.
The views of Chinese Koreans, however, differ largely in terms of their historical, cultural, and even political, identities. For instance, many think that we’re Korean in terms of our cultural roots while some claim that Chinese Korean culture has been so embedded in the Chinese context over the decades that we’re a branch of Chinese cultural diversity. Political identity should be seen different from a legal status. While we hold the PRC passport and are legally seen as Chinese nationalities, our attitudes towards Korea and two Koreas vary a lot depending on each individual’s own experience.

我是中国朝鲜族。就国籍而言，大多数中国朝鲜族，包括我在内，承认自己是中国人；正如美国朝鲜族，就国籍而言，他们是美国人。

中国朝鲜族的观点，很大程度上与他们的历史、文化甚至政治、身份不同。例如，从文化根源上讲，很多人认为自己是朝鲜人，而不少人称，几十年来，中国朝鲜族文化融合了不少中国文化，即我们是中华文化多样性的一个分支。政治认同应与法律地位不同。尽管我们持有中国护照，被视为合法中国人，但我们对朝鲜和韩国的态度取决于每个人各自的经历。

It’s true that many Chosunzok in South Korea refer to themselves as Chinese, but this is not due to their quite mysterious intimacy with China that comes from nowhere, but largely because of the fact that the South Koreans have never ceased to treat them with prejudice and discrimination, which pushes them off towards the Chinese side. One of the examples is shown in Choi Wonseok’s answer, which refers to the high crime rates of Chinese Koreans as justifying the stereotypes held by the South Koreans. The fact, however, is that Chosunzok only comes six or seventh in terms of overall crime rates and the crime rate per capita is significantly lower than Mongolians and Americans given the latter’s tiny population in South Korea. Here is a link that shows the prejudice. http://m.skyedaily.com/news_view…. Some old generation Chosunzok identify themselves as Chosunsaram, the people of the Korean peninsula, and not as belonging into either the North or South.

事实上，很多在韩国的朝鲜族人称自己为中国人，但这不是因为他们对中国有隐秘的亲切感，而主要是因为韩国从未停止以偏见和歧视对待他们，这让他们更偏向中国。一个可见的例子如Choi Wonseok的回答，提到中国朝鲜族的犯罪率，便是韩国持有的成见。朝鲜族在总体犯罪率排第六或第七，而且人均犯罪率明显低于蒙古人和美国人，后者在韩国的人口很少。老一辈朝鲜族人认为自己是朝鲜半岛人，而不是朝鲜或韩国这两国。

It should be recognised that many Chosunzok came to South Korea mainly looking for job opportunities to improve their lives.

Many Chinese Koreans choose to come to South Korea where people are well-paid and send the money back to their family members in China. Most of the Chinese Koreans that you encounter in South Korea are economic migrants looking for a decent life. They often lack proper education and work very hard in manual labour industries that South Koreans see as dirty and better avoided. It’s no wonder that South Koreans tend to think that Chosunzok, as Choi Wonseok puts it, have “a large hand in providing this image of China as ‘rough’ or ‘uncultured’”. To the South Koreans Chosunzok appear to be ‘rough and uneducated’ because only the rough and uneducated choose to go to South Korea.

应该认识到，很多朝鲜族人去韩国主要是为了找工作改善自己的生活。

很多中国朝鲜族人选择前往工资高的韩国，将钱寄给在中国的家人。很多你在韩国遇到的中国朝鲜族人都是为了过上好生活的经济移民者。他们往往缺少教育，从事体力行业，韩国人将这些工作视为肮脏的、唯恐避之不及的。正如Choi Wonseok指出的那样，所以韩国人认为朝鲜族人，“给人留下了中国人没教养、粗鲁的印象”。对韩国人而言，朝鲜族人看起来就是“粗鲁、没受过教育的”，因为只有粗鲁和没受过教育的人才去韩国。

What is less well-known is the fact that educated Chinese Koreans, which are no small proportion, proceed to do well in top universities in China, succeed in getting well-paid jobs in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai and prosper in Chinese society. They have no reason to abandon all they achieved in China and adapt themselves to a new society where discrimination is rampant. Some of them, including myself, choose Japan, America or Europe for better education. Only those less competent go to South Korea for higher education because they can neither survive the Chinese educational system nor make their way forward to countries where the quality of higher education is better than in South Korea. In fact, the Chinese Koreans have the highest per capita rate of having college education amongst Chinese ethnic groups including the Han Chinese, and Chosunzok are reputed in China for great educational records.

鲜有人知的事实是，不少受过教育的中国朝鲜族人，在中国顶尖大学出色地完成了学业，成功地在中国大城市如北京、上海等获得高薪工作，在中国社会获得成功。他们没理由放弃他们在中国取得的一切，让自己去适应一个歧视盛行的新社会。他们中的一些人，包括我，选择了日本、欧美接受更好的教育。只有少数能力较弱者选择去韩国接受高等教育，他们既不能在中国教育体系中生存，也无法向那些教育质量高于韩国的国家前进。实际上，朝鲜族人在中国各民族中，人均大学教育水平是最高的。教育水平高，朝鲜族在中国被赞誉。

Pat Hedden
I lived in South Korea and Northeast China for more than a decade and could speak both languages fairly fluently back then. I worked with and socialized with both South Koreans and Joseonjok in China. Korean-Chinese view themselves as Korean-Chinese with an emphasis on the latter, which is natural since they were born and raised in the PRC, and their parents and grandparents are/were Chinese citizens. The relationship between South Koreans and Korean-Chinese is mostly employer-employee or workplace superior-subordinate. Not only South Korean adults but their children, too, often spoke “banmal” or low informal Korean to Korean-Chinese adults working for them. South Koreans follow clear socioeconomic and workplace hierarchies, and their language use reflects this. Korean-Chinese speak Korean differently and behave like their fellow Chinese, so South Koreans regard them as Chinese people who speak passable Korean and not Koreans like themselves. Korean-Chinese view South Koreans as sometimes haughty and even prejudiced against Chinese, including Korean-Chinese because of the way some South Koreans treat them in the superior-subordinate relationship.

我在韩国和中国东北住了10多年，能流利地说两种语言。我和韩国人和中国朝鲜族人一起工作交流。中国朝鲜族人更强调自己是中国朝鲜族人，他们在中国出生长大，他们的父母/祖父母是中国公民，这是自然而然的事情。

韩国人和中国朝鲜族人更多是雇主-雇员或工作中的上下级关系。韩国人，不仅是成年人孩子也是，会瞧不起为他们工作的中国朝鲜族人。韩国人遵循着明晰的社会经济和职场登记制度，他们的语言也反应了这点。

中国朝鲜族人说朝鲜话的口音不一样，且行为举止和他们的中国伙伴一样，所以韩国人把他们当成说韩语的中国人，而不是像他们一样的韩国人。在上下级关系中韩国人对他们的方式，让朝鲜族人认为韩国人有时候傲慢甚至歧视朝鲜族人在内的中国人。

Callan Chua, Been Learning how to make it in China for the past 10 years.
One of my business assoicates who is in South Korea is a Chaoxianzu from Heilongjiang.
These are my observations.
He would always address himself as a Chinese. E.g. 我们中国人 (We, Chinese)
Though he speaks korean very fluently, it is always very natural that he begins a conversation in Pu tong hua.
He would always side with China on world issues.
He sometimes feels sidelined and looked down upon by Koreans who knows that he is chaoxianzu.
He feels insulted if you thinks he is Korean.
He does not hide his Chinese nationailty to those who does not know it already even though he knows that it might not be so welcome.
You decide for yourself what he thinks from my observation.

我在韩国的一个商业伙伴是来自黑龙江的朝鲜族人。

以下是我的观察：

他总称呼自己是中国人。例如：我们中国人。

尽管他能说流利的朝鲜语，谈话中说普通话时也很自然。

在世界问题上，他总是支持中国。

他有时候感觉自己被韩国人边缘化、被看不起，他们认为自己是朝鲜族人。

如果你认为他是韩国人，他会觉得受到了侮辱。

他从不隐瞒自己的国籍，即使他知道这么做可能不受欢迎。